Human Genetics

Within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells are thread-like structures called Chromosomes, which are made of proteins and DNA and carry genetic information. Cell division, inheritance, and preserving genetic integrity all depend on them, and they become apparent during this process. Humans are born with 46 pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent. Accurate genetic transmission is ensured by the replication and uniform distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during mitosis. Genetic variety is increased during meiosis, when chromosomes segregate and recombine to generate gametes. Disorders like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome can result from abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes, such as extra or missing chromosomes.