Human Genetics

Epigenetics studies heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself. These changes regulate how genes are turned on or off, influencing cellular function and development. Key mechanisms of epigenetic regulation include DNA methylation, histone modification, and interactions with non-coding RNAs. Environmental factors such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins can impact these epigenetic modifications, influencing traits and disease susceptibility. Unlike permanent genetic mutations, epigenetic changes are often reversible, offering potential for therapeutic interventions. Epigenetics underscores the dynamic relationship between genetics, environmental factors, and phenotypic traits.

Behavioral Genetics is the study of how genetic factors influence behavior and how genes interact with environmental factors. It aims to understand the genetic basis of individual differences in behavior, such as intelligence, personality, mental health disorders, and susceptibility to psychological conditions. Researchers use methods like twin studies, adoption studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genes or genetic variations associated with behavioral traits. The field also explores how environmental influences, like upbringing and life experiences, interact with genetic factors to shape behavior. By uncovering the genetic foundations of behavior, behavioral genetics seeks to improve mental health treatments and deepen our understanding of human behavior.