Human Genetics

Genetic epidemiology examines how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the occurrence and distribution of diseases. It combines genetics and epidemiology to identify genetic risk factors and understand gene-environment interactions, such as how diet or pollution can influence disease risk. Key areas include heritability studies, which assess genetic contributions through family, twin, and adoption studies, and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), which identify genetic variants linked to complex diseases. Mendelian Randomization uses genetic variants to infer causal relationships between risk factors and diseases, while rare genetic variants are studied through whole-genome sequencing. Genetic epidemiology is applied in disease risk prediction, precision medicine, and public health, helping identify high-risk individuals and personalize treatments. Tools like Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), PCR, biostatistical models, and bioinformatics platforms (e.g., HapMap, 1000 Genomes Project) drive advancements in disease prevention and personalized medicine.