3^rd International Conference on Gynecology & Obstetrics

In a woman's lifecycle each and every month during the years between puberty and menopause, a woman’s body goes through numerous changes to get for a possible pregnancy. This series of events is called the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle lengths are normally different from woman to woman, and the most common cycle length is between 23 and 30 days.  For most of women, the length of time between ovulation and their every month period is between 12 to 16 days.

  A woman’s menstrual cycle normally is divided into four phases:

• Menstruation
• Follicular phase
• Ovulation
• Luteal phase

Gynecologic oncology is a field of medicine that concentrates on cancers of the female reproductive system.  Gynecologic oncologists are specialists with immense knowledge and training to diagnose and treat this kind of cancer.

Cancers including:

• Ovarian cancer
• Uterine cancer
• Vaginal cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Vulvar cancers    
• Risk factors involve Obesity, Genetic mutations, Human Papilloma Virus, Infertility

Urogynecology is a surgical subspecialty of urology and gynecology that deals with female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery.

Urinary and fecal incontinence

Pelvic organ prolapse

Interstitial cystitis

Vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas

Overactive bladder syndrome

Radiation therapy is a necessary and required therapy in the gynecology which is the primary nonsurgical management. Radiation therapy is the post-operative process of a female reproductive system. Gynecologic cancer includes cervical, endometrial, uterine, fallopian, ovarian, vaginal, vulvar cancers, and diseases like gestational trophoblastic disease, The number of doses of radiation used to prevent or kill or destroy the cancer cells can also affect the normal cells in the treated or targeted area and cause side effects. Common side effects of radiation therapy have directly affected the area of the part that is being treated. 

Female fertility is a woman's ability to conceive or produce a biological child or genetical bi-product. Various female fertility problems includes

• Ovulation disorders
• Uterine or cervical abnormalities
• Fallopian damage or blockage
• Primary ovarian insufficiency
• Pelvic adhesions
• Healthy lifestyle choices can help you promote fertility.
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Prevent sexually transmitted infections
• Consulting the health care provider and frequent checkups

Menopause is a natural biological process in women. It is the time that leads to the permanent end of the female menstrual cycle. It's diagnosed after the woman has gone less frequent or irregular periods or 12 months without menstrual periods. This process generally occurs at the age of 45 to55

Symptoms including night sweats and cold flashes, vaginal dryness, discomfort during sex, urinary urgency, insomnia, mood swings, mild depression, dry skin, dry eyes, dry mouth.

Pediatric and adolescent gynecology provides the knowledge of normal female embryological development, uterus condition, endocrine function and growth around adolescent years, fertility and menstrual health, the impact of female genital system abnormalities on gender identity and mental health, and the medical and surgical management of these systems.

The fertilization process in which sperm fertilizes an egg after it's released from the ovary during the process of ovulation leads to the development of the embryo and fetus in the female uterus. On average a complete pregnancy lasts for 40weeks.phases of pregnancy include,

• First-trimester (week1-12)
• Second-trimester (week13-27)
• Third-trimester (week28-40)

During this time of pregnancy, women should be cared for and follow a healthy diet to maintain the baby healthy.

MFM is also said to be perinatology, a branch of medical science, which focuses on managing the health concerns of mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly post-pregnant period. MFM is a sub-specialty of obstetrics that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of pregnant mothers and their unborn babies.

Miscarriage is also known as pregnancy loss, as the death of an embryo or fetus before the parturition. Miscarriage may occur due to ill body health of the mother or insufficient supply of the nutrients to the fetus, early pregnancy or older parent, previous miscarriage, continuous abortions, diabetics, thyroid problems, obesity, and exposure to tobacco and drug usage.

Preterm birth is said to be when the delivery of the baby occurs before 32 weeks of the pregnancy has been completed. The main causes of preterm birth may include delivering a premature baby in the past, being pregnant with multiple partners, continuous abortions, and frequent usage of drugs. Prevention includes avoiding tobacco, and alcohol during pregnancy and maintaining a balanced diet, avoiding sexual intercourse with multiple partners.

Prenatal screenings are a group of tests that are conducted during the time of pregnancy. It is just the process of pre-checking the baby’s health condition and defects, and chromosomal abnormalities. First-trimester tests can be taken as early as 10 weeks which usually involve blood tests and ultrasound. Second-trimester tests take place between 14-18 weeks involving tests ultrasound, blood tests, glucose screening, and amniocentesis test, while the third-trimester tests include group b strep screening.

A maternal-fetal medicine specialist is the backbone of a medical team. These are the doctors who are commonly referred to as obstetricians, who have undergone 3 years of additional practice in high-risk pregnancy hence called perinatologist. They provide regular prenatal care to pregnant women and monitor the baby’s growth and development. They also check birth defects, blood pressure, blood problems, heart problems, and genetic disorders by conducting tests such as umbilical cord sampling and amniocentesis .  

Midwifery is the medical health profession which deals with the pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, newborn care, women’s health, and reproductive health throughout a women’s life.

• Obstetrical nursing
• Mental health care
• Labor risk and care
• Unplanned pregnancy risk
• Childbirth supervision

The postpartum also called as the postnatal period begins immediately of childbirth when the uterus returns to the normal stage and changes in hormonal levels, and hence returns to a non–pregnant state. The first 6 to 12 hours after the childbirth is the acute phase of the postpartum which includes bleeding.

Birth defects generally happen while the baby is developing and growing inside a mother’s womb. Defects in the body parts and organs affect the body’s appearance, work, or both. Most the birth defects happen at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. Causes of birth defects are,

• Genetics
• Chromosomal problems
• Exposure to chemicals and toxic environment
• Infections during pregnancy
• Nutrient deficiency
• Most common birth defects are
• Down syndrome
• Heart problems
• Hypospadias
• Clubfoot
• Cleft palate

Neonatology is a branch of medical science that deals with the health condition of infants.  A group of medical specialists who take care of a newborn baby for a certain time period especially, the ill or the premature newborn. They completely look after the medical health of the infants.

Cosmetic gynecology is also known as female cosmetic genital surgery (FCGS), which involves the functional and anatomical changes to the pelvic floor of the woman as a result of childbirth. Cosmetic gynecology involves the change in sexual function and genital aesthetic appearance through various techniques.

Obstetrics is the branch of science that deals with the pregnancy, parturition, and postpartum periods. In general, Obstetrics combines with gynecology combined called OB-GYN in surgical medicine.  An obstetrician's responsibility is to Take care of pregnant women along with the duration of the delivery period and after the neonate birth.

Difficulty in getting pregnant refers infertility i.e., not having conceived after 12 months of having regular unprotected sex. Common causes of difficulty in conceiving include problems with ovulation, tubal disease, endometriosis, increasing age, abnormality of uterus, and exposure to the hazardous chemicals, mental stress are also the reason for infertility in humans. These factors causes miscarriage, infertility in both men and women which affects the chances of conceiving, affects female ovulation.

Mammography is a process of medical imaging of the breast in women to detect early detection of breast cancer/ tumors/ Breast Diseases

Mammogram screening is a simple process of x-ray pictures of the breasts which are done by the equipment called a mammogram.

The process of mammography is maybe a little painful for some women or inconvenient process as the screening is done by compression of each breast to spread the breast tissues for the detection of cancer by the x-ray picture.

Women who are suffering from breast swelling, nipple paining, abnormal growth of the breast, and breast discharge should consult the gynecologist for an early diagnosis.

Multifetal Pregnancy
Multifetal pregnancy takes place in one of 70-80 deliveries.  Pregnancy, where a woman carries more than one baby at a single time. If carrying two babies, they are called twins. Three babies that are carried during one pregnancy are called triplets. The inflated uterus leads to encouraging preterm labor thus, causing preterm delivery at a gestation period of 35-36 weeks for twins, 32 weeks for triplets, and 30 weeks for quadruplets on average.

PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have prolonged or infrequent menstrual periods or excess male hormone levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid called as follicles and fail to the regular release of eggs.

Medical Disorders in Pregnancy    
When women who are suffering with chronic medical disorders become pregnant, proper care must be taken as the medical disorders may affect both the pregnancy and fetal health. If not it may affect and leads to complications of their medical condition during pregnancy.
Such as,

• Asthma
• Cardiovascular disease
• Sexually transmitted disease
• Hypertension
• Depression
• Cancer
• Hepatitis
• Diabetics
• Epilepsy
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Parturition    
Parturition is the process after a gestation period, where the termination of pregnancy and the beginning of extra-uterine life of the neonate. This parturition takes place in the first stage which is the dilation of the cervix, second by the birth of the baby and the final stage is the delivery of the placenta. Parturition in general terms as labor, most common labor types involves natural birth, vaginal birth, scheduled cesarean, unplanned cesarean, VBAC  (vaginal birth after cesarean), and scheduled induction.

Family Planning    
Family planning is commonly a process of spacing and timing the birth of a couple after attaining desired or required number of childbirths. This is achieved through using contraceptives if sexually active and the treatment of involuntary infertility.

Common and modern methods include

• Fertility awareness
• Emergency contraception
• Barrier methods by using condoms
• Hormonal contraception
• Long-acting reversible contraception or intrauterine devices (IUD)