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Cancer is a disease that results from the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in any body portion. This can seem straightforward, but there are likely to be more regulatory interactions. Cancer is a group of diseases that can develop in any cell of the body that is capable of damaging the body's usual regulating mechanisms. It normally has an effect on the functioning of multiple body systems. Understanding of the biology of cancer has improved. Cancer biology is the study of how the intracellular network of typical cells is disrupted during carcinogenesis in order to build successful predictive models that can help scientists and clinicians in the validation of new therapies and drugs. Tumors are distinguished by genomic and epigenetic instability, which changes the function of the cells. Many different molecules and networks in a single cell, as well as changing how the cell interacts with its surroundings.
Cancer classification is currently based on the cell of origin and type of tissue.
Carcinoma: Cancer that develops in the skin or in tissues that line or cover body organs. carcinoma may appear in breast, colon, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate or stomach.
Sarcoma: A type of cancer develops in bone or in the soft tissues of the body, including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other connective or supportive tissue. Based on site different types of sarcoma -osteosarcoma (bone), liposarcoma (fat) and rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle) occurs in both adults and children.
Myeloma: Cancer of plasma cells, known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, appears in one type of white blood cell which normally produces antibodies.
Leukaemia: Cancer of the blood cells including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Generally it refers to cancers of the WBCs.
Lymphoma: Cancer which begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system called lymphocytes. Cells may appear in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow and other parts of the body.
Two types of Lymphoma
Mixed Types: Cancer which develops in two different types of cell from one category or multiple categories.
Based on the place of organ where cancer exists, various cancers are present in different parts of the human body. It may vary in signs, symptoms, prevention, pain and treatment depending on the position of severity and cell growth.
Breast Cancer: Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among women. It is a steroid hormone–dependent tumour mainly on both estrogen and progesterone hormones which can increase both normal and abnormal breast cell growth.
Digestive/Gastrointestinal Cancer: Refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
Endocrine Cancer: An abnormal cell growth due to change in DNA leads to formation of tumour. Most Endocrine tumors /Adrenal Tumors are non-cancerous but a few will become cancerous. An endocrine cancer normally appears in thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid and pituitary glands.
Neuroendocrine Cancer: A tumor from neuroendocrine cells release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones known as neuroendocrine tumors.
Eye: Cancer which may affect the eye itself are called intraocular cancers.
Melanoma (Intraocular melanoma)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Retinoblastoma(retina)
Genitourinary Cancer: Cancers develops in the male reproductive system and adrenal glands present in a part of the Genitourinary tract.
Prostate Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Germ Cell Cancer: Cancers derived from pluripotent cells, most often presenting in the testicle or the ovary (seminoma and dysgerminoma).
Gynecologic cancer: The cancers develop in a woman's reproductive organs. Gynaecologic cancers in five different places within a woman's pelvis, Each gynecologic cancer is unique, with different signs and symptoms, risk factors and prevention strategies.
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Uterine Sarcoma
Vaginal Cancer
Vulvar Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer: Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HSNCC) is highly invasive, frequently metastasizing to cervical lymph nodes and corresponds with poor prognosis. account for 6% of all cancers worldwide.
Blood Cancer: Cancer present in blood-forming tissues like bone marrow and in cells of the immune system. Stem cells in bone marrow mature and develop into three types of blood cells: RBCs, WBCs, or platelets. In the conditions of blood cancer the process of blood production is disrupted due to the growth of an abnormal type of blood cell.
Leukaemia
lymphoma, and multiple myeloma
Musculoskeletal Cancer: Musculoskeletal cancer is any cancer that develops in bone or soft-tissue, such as muscle. It includes
Bone Cancer (bone sarcoma)
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Neurologic Cancer: Neurological cancer causes when cells inside the brain reproduce uncontrollably, forming a mass called tumour, which may affects both brain and spine areas of the body. Brain cancer occurs can be cancerous or noncancerous.
Respiratory/Thoracic Cancer: Lung cancer occurs when cells divide in the lungs uncontrollably which causes tumors to grow and gradually reduces a person’s ability to breathe and spread to other parts of the body. It includes lung carcinoid tumors, thymic malignancies and tracheal tumors. Two types of lung cancers
Small-cell lung Carcinoma
Non-small-cell lung Carcinoma
Skin Cancer: Skin cancer may appear in abnormal growth of cells in the epidermis, caused by unrepaired DNA damage that triggers mutations which leads to rapid growth in skin cells and form malignant tumors.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)
AIDS-Related: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) greatly reduces the function of the immune system and is the cause of AIDS. HIV infection may also make patients susceptible to infection by a type of human herpes virus, HHV which is a risk factor for Kaposi's sarcoma.
Physical and Chemical Agents:-
The agents that produce cancer in humans are known as Carcinogens.
Physical carcinogens include fibers, particulate matter, hard and soft synthetic materials, and gels.
Chemical carcinogens include molecular substances that are found in a variety of different chemical compounds
Tobacco
Alcohol
Lifestyle: Diet and Exercise :According to present survey many of the factors potentially influencing the chance of developing cancer due to lifestyle and personal choices. We have the power to attain some control over exposure to minimize the effects of harmful factors like alcohols and maximize the chance of keeping good health and living a long and happy life.
Diet: Eating high-fat increases risk for many types of cancer. Diet with low healthy fat, low Plant-based foods, with low lycopene can causes cancer. Aflatoxin a food contaminant, increases risk of liver cancer. Obesity and drinking alcohol have been correlated with the incidence and progression of some cancers. Presence of carcinogens in foods causes cancer.
Exercise: Lack of Physical activity and exercises can cause cancers. Sitting too much also increases risk of obesity which leads to cancer and other chronic diseases.
Balanced diet and daily exercise are some of the most important things to stay healthy against diseases like cancer.
Tobacco
Alcohol
Diet
Obesity
Infection and Inflammation: Although most cancer seems to arise from environmental exposures to chemicals and radiation or lifestyle choices, a large number of cases are caused by infections.
Schistosoma haematobium
Parasites
Bacteria
Heredity: Inherited genetic mutations play a major role in about 5 to 10 percent of all cancers. Hereditary cancer syndromes can be diagnosed through Genetic tests to identify whether a person from a family that shows signs of such syndrome. Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome marked by an increased lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancers in women.
Hormones: Hormones are proteins or substances made by the body which helps to control certain types of cells work. Specifically some hormones play a major role in some common types of cancer. It includes breast and ovary cancer in women, prostate cancer in men which causes due to hormonal changes.
Autoimmune Diseases: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system goes down and starts to attack the healthy tissues in human beings. Cancer has been implicated in some autoimmune disorders, Such as scleroderma and myositis, rheumatoid arthritis. Many autoimmune disorders and immunosuppressive therapy have been linked to an increased risk for cancer.
Radiation: High-energy radiation, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles and neutrons which produces from nuclear plant can damage DNA and cause cancer.
Multiple myeloma
Thyroid cancer
Bladder cancer
Breast cancer
Signs and symptoms are the two ways to identify the condition of affected body like injury, illness or disease.
Signs of cancer depend on place of existence, severity, size and spreading intensity to nearby organs or tissues. If a cancer has spread (metastasized), signs may appear in different parts of the body.
An imaging test is a way to identify the affected parts of a human. The test sends various sources of energy into the body, including x-rays, sound waves, radioactive particles and magnetic fields. The body tissues change the energy patterns accordingly to make an image or picture showing inside position and functioning so that health care providers can identify the changes caused by diseases like cancer.
Computed Tomography (CT): The most common imaging method used to detect cancer cells and monitor their spread.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A procedure that uses powerful magnetic fields which don’t generate any ionising radiation. Where MRI is used for examining cancer or sarcoma in the head and neck region.
X-rays and other Radiographic Tests: X-rays and other radiographic tests help doctors look for cancer in different parts of the body including bones and organs like the stomach and kidneys which are typically fast, painless without any special preparation while other tests may require more preparation ahead of time and causes some discomfort and side effects.
Mammography: An X-ray image is used to examine breast tumours and is also used in breast cancer screening.
Ultrasound is useful for examining the cervix, pancreas, liver and kidneys. Needle biopsies can also be taken in ultrasound techniques.
Molecular Imaging: Process of visualization, characterization and measurement of biological processes of cancer cells at the molecular and cellular levels in living systems
Biomedical imaging: Medical imaging is process of imaging for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Biomedical imaging utilizes either x-rays or ultrasound to capture the capture of images to assess the current condition of an organ or tissue for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Biomarkers are naturally occurring molecules, genes, produced either by the tumour cells or by other cells of the body used for the particular pathological or physiological process in response to the tumour used as screening/early detection tool of cancer.
Detecting and diagnosing cancer includes evaluating the presence of cancer in the body and determining the nature of the disease. Expanding the ability to detect precancerous lesions on the verge of developing into life-threatening cancers will allow for early intervention, potentially preventing cancer from developing at all. Patients would be spared the physical and financial risks of premature surgery, as well as the psychological harms of a cancer diagnosis if they were diagnosed with potentially lethal cancers. Additional studies will enable the way for the advancement of more responsive, reliable preventive approaches in the future like Cost-effective methods of detecting, diagnosing, and preventing cancer.
Cancer Grades: Grading is about how cancer cells look under the microscope when compared with normal cells. The common grading system followed to identify the shape and severity of cancer:
Grade 1: Tumor cells and tissue looks most like healthy cells and tissue. These are called well-differentiated tumors and are considered low grade.
Grade 2: The cells and tissue are somewhat abnormal and are called moderately differentiated. These are intermediate-grade tumors.
Grade 3: Cancer cells and tissue look very abnormal. These cancers are considered poorly differentiated since they no longer have an architectural structure or pattern.
Grade 4: These undifferentiated cancers have the most abnormal-looking cells. These are the highest grade and typically grow and spread faster than lower grade tumors.
Cancer Stages: It describes its size and whether it has spread from where it started. The staging system may vary in different types of cancer.
Stage 0 to stage IV
TNM Staging
Clinical Research: Clinical research is a branch of healthcare science that focuses on developing new and improved methods for detecting, diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. Clinical trials, in which experimental treatments for the disease are studied, and natural history research, in which health data is gathered to explain how the disease evolves and progresses over time.
Clinical Trials: Cancer clinical trials are performed to test new ways to treat, diagnose, prevent and manage symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment. There are several types of cancer clinical trials including:
Treatment Trails
Prevention Trails
Screening Trails
Palliative Care Trails
There are many types of cancer treatment depending on the type of cancer. Most of the cancer treatment includes a combination of treatments like surgery with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or hormone therapy.
Surgery: Surgery is a traditional form of cancer treatment that is the most effective method of eliminating cancer cells before it has spread to lymph nodes or distant sites.
Laser surgery
Electrosurgery
Cryosurgery
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic anti-neoplastic drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized regimen that encompasses a variety of drugs divided into broad categories such as alkylating agents and antimetabolites. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents can be used for rapidly growing cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: Common treatment uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells to keep them from spreading. It might get it along with surgery or chemotherapy.
Stem Cell Transplant: Usage of chemo or radiation to destroy as many cancer cells as possible and try to replace them with healthy stem cells from bone marrow or blood.
Immunotherapy: The therapy by which the body gets the immune system to fight cancer
Targeted Drug Therapy: In which drugs work against specific parts of cancer cells to keep them from growing or spreading.
Alternative Medicine: Alternative medicine is the term used in medical treatments which may be used instead of traditional therapies not part of the conventional standard of cancer care includes special diet and exercises, herbs, devices, and manual procedures.
Acupuncture
Aromatherapy
Music therapy
Laser Therapy: The term “laser” stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, has many wavelengths, and spreads in all directions. Laser therapy uses high-intensity light to treat cancer and other illnesses. It can be used to shrink or destroy tumors or precancerous growths, most commonly used to treat superficial cancers like skin cancer, early stages of cancer.
Palliative Care: The care given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease in a human being, usually provided by palliative care specialists, health care practitioners who were certified in palliative care. Patients may receive palliative care in hospitals, an outpatient clinic, a long-term care facility, or at home under the guidance of a physician.
Case Report: A comprehensive report on a particular patient's diagnosis, care, and follow-up as well as some demographic details such as age, gender, and ethnic origin.
Case Reports in cancer include case reports and case series related to different types of cancers, depending on the various aspects in cancer cases, a number of case reports will be noted. Case reports on cancer treatment contain different types of treatments that can be given to an individual based on age, severity, side effects, and other complications. Reports can be noted after the treatment process for better future analysis.
Cancer Management is described as care provided to patients with a severe or life-threatening disease in order to enhance their quality of life. The aim of cancer management is to avoid or treat disease symptoms, side effects caused by treatment of disease and psychological, social and moral issues associated with a disease or its treatment as early as possible.
Comfort Care
Palliative Care
Supportive Care
Cancer Research: Cancer research covers everything from epidemiology to molecular bioscience to conducting clinical trials to identify causes and establish methods for prevention, diagnosis, care and cure to evaluate and compare applications of the various cancer treatments includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and combined treatments such as chemo-radiotherapy. The new treatments in clinical cancer research shifted towards therapies from both biotechnology and biomedical research, such as cancer immunotherapy and gene therapy.
The growth of the global oncology/cancer drugs market is primarily driven by an increase in the occurrence of various cancer disorders, a rise in the popularity of innovative therapies, and an increase in the global geriatric population. The market is expected to expand due to increased cancer awareness and the availability of cancer drugs. On the other hand, the high cost of new drug production, combined with the risk of failure and side effects associated with cancer drug therapies, is expected to limit market growth. The increased number of pipeline products and the high potential of emerging economies are expected to create new opportunities for market players in the future.
Researchers are actively working to develop our awareness of how to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. They're also looking at ways to eliminate inequalities and boost the quality of life for cancer survivors. Most recent research in these cancers, including advancements that could soon translate into improved care.
Cancer prevention can be defined as prior care taken to lower the risk of getting cancer. Maintaining a safe lifestyle, avoiding suspected cancer-causing chemicals, and taking cancer-prevention drugs or vaccines are all examples of this.
Diet: Eating a high-fat diet increases the risk for many types of cancer. But healthy fat may actually protect against cancer.
Plant-based foods boost the immune system to protect against cancer cells.
Foods high in lycopene reduce prostate cancer.
Vitamin C-rich foods help in the risk of esophageal cancer.
Avoid Preservatives.
Physical Activity: Physical activity is defined as any movement that uses skeletal muscles and requires more energy than resting. includes endocrinologic, immunologic and metabolic processes which can, in turn, affect the risk for the development of several cancers. Being physically active also helps to maintain a balanced weight and protect against cancer.
Medication: Taking medicines to help lower the risk of getting a disease is called chemoprevention. The most commonly used medicines to lower breast cancer risk are tamoxifen and raloxifene. Other medicines called aromatase inhibitors also can be used. The drugs used for chemoprevention are typically not used to treat cancer.
Vaccination: Vaccines are medicines that help the body fight disease which can train the immune system to destroy harmful germs and cells. Vaccines are present to prevent cancer and to treat cancer. Cancer prevention includes protection from certain viral infections.
Chronic illness may raise the risk of being diagnosed with cancer. Researchers found that people with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes were about twice as likely to have cancer as healthy people without these chronic illnesses.
The study of recognize the factors that cause the disease in order to establish disease-prevention strategies. Epidemiologic assessment provides a clinician with a comprehensive assessment of cancer risk, outlines the definition of screening modalities for high-risk populations and delineates the concept of cancer surveillance determines the efficacy of any preventive intervention.
Pathophysiology: It is the study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury, simply called a convergence of pathology with physiology. The conditions where cancer development consists of a multistep process involving mutation and selection for cells with a progressively increasing capacity for proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis known as Cancer Pathophysiology.
Genetics: The scientific discipline that investigation of genes and pathways in cancer development. Cancer geneticists use several approaches including the analysis of the genomes of cancer patients to identify cancer genes.
Epigenetics: It is considered a rapidly growing field of cancer research that includes the study of behavioral and environmental changes that affect the active genes. Mutations in the DNA sequence of specific genes led to the uncontrolled cell reproduction seen in cancer.
Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells from the place where they initially formed to other parts of the body. In metastasis, cancer cells break away from the original primary tumor, travels through the blood or lymph system, and form a new tumor in other organs or tissues of the body. The newly formed cells also represent the primary tumor. Likewise, if breast cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are breast cancer cells, not converted into lung cancer cells.
Metabolism: It means the chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism of the body. Cancer metabolism is one of the past research in cancer biology, which refers to the alterations in cellular metabolism pathways that are evident in cancer cells compared with most normal tissue cells. Those Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous includes-
Prognosis means the estimate of the likely course and outcome of the any disease.
Prognosis of cancers usually means the estimate of success with treatment and chances of recovery. Several factors that affect the prognosis of a cancer like
Chemotherapy (also called chemo) is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells, which grow and divide quickly. Chemotherapy is used to:
Treat cancer: Chemotherapy can be used to cure cancer, lessen the chance it will return, or stop or slow its growth.
Ease cancer symptoms: Chemotherapy can be used to shrink tumors that are causing pain and other problems.
The pain of cancer is usually constant. A person who is well-managed in pain has improved quality of life. They are like to sleep better and have more energy during the day. Being as active as possible also reduces the risk of ailments like pneumonia, blood clots, and bedsores, These are associated with immobility. Cancer pain management is regular medication it includes paracetamol and opioid drugs, choose to suit each person and to minimize side effects. Combine the medications to gain maximum benefits of mutual. These are Radiotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy – if successful in reducing tumor size – may also relieve pain. Other techniques may be helpful to include relaxation therapies and acupuncture.
