International Conference on Power and Energy Engineering

Electrical power sensors are used to measure characteristics of electric power such as voltage, current and power. For AC circuits, to measure power quality an electric power sensor used.
Electrical power sensors used to measure some of the following electrical characteristics.
Hall Effect
Inductive sensors
Direct measurement
Voltage response measurements

The most important element in power plant cyber security is protecting the industrial network perimeter from harmful traffic from less trusted external networks. Waterfall Unidirectional Gateways enable safe IT/OT integration, continuous real-time monitoring and disciplined control for energy sites while preventing all remote cyber security attacks on plant equipment.

Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.

Power system control refers is stabilizing the power system following various disturbances such as short circuits and loss of generation and/or load. Power system stability is the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance either small or large.

A device is used as a switch or rectifier in power electronics is refer as power device or when ii used in integrated circuit is known as power IC.
Power semiconductors are used to rectify and amplify electrical signals or turn the flow of electricity ON and OFF., however, these devices are designed to handle high electrical currents and high voltages of up to several gigawatts.

The function of the electric power distribution system in a building or an installation site is to receive power at one or more supply points and to delivers to the lighting loads, motors and also all other electrically operated devices.

The power system operations are required to meet multiple objectives, by minimizing the total costs, emissions and maximizing the generating system reliability (minimizing the loss of load expectation).

The importance of power system reliability is demonstrated when electricity supply is disrupted whether it decreases the comfort of our free time at home or causes the shutdown of our companies and results in huge economic deficits.

Electricity is the most widely used forms of energy , the flow electrons is referred as electricity. The presence of an electric charge is either positive or negative, that produces an electric field. Magnetic field is produced by the movement of electric charge.

An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply (generate), transmit and consume electric power. One of the example of a power system is the electrical grid that provides power to homes and industries within an extended area.

Electric machines are operated in relation with electrical energy. In electrical machines either input or affair or both can be electricity. The electric machines are of three main type’s Motor, Generator and Motor the system which controls the stir of electrical machines are known as electrical drives.

Electric vehicle is uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. Benefits are reduction of fuel consumption, stable operation of the internal combustion engine and increase its efficiency, reducing the noise level etc…

Electrical drive converts electrical energy from the power supply into mechanical energy and transmits the resulting force into motion.  Applications of drives are uses in lifts, escalators, gate drives, washing machines, mixers, electric razors, etc.

High voltage direct current power system use Direct current for transmission of bulk power over long distances. For long-distance power transmission, as compare to AC transmission HVDC lines are less expensive and losses are less, it interconnects the networks that have different frequencies and characteristics.

High Voltage Engineering is basically study of   under different physical conditions the condition of 'electrical insulating materials' in order to estimate their performance under high electrical stress over the life span of installations.

Solar energy is an energy generated by the sun, no greenhouse gas emissions are released into the atmosphere. With solar energy by using solar panels electricity is generated or produced. Sun provides more energy than ever need.  Electricity generated by solar panels is a very important energy source in the move to clean energy production.

Hydropower also known as water power, here power is produced or generated by the  falling or fast-running water, the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of a water source is used to convert or  produce power. Hydropower plants are most essential backup power during major electricity outages or disruptions. Hydropower plants provide electricity generation and also controls the floods, irrigation support and clean drinking water.

Nuclear power is the electricity produced by using nuclear reactions. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission; nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms a process called fission.

Wind power or wind energy is the process of generating electricity or mechanical power by using the wind; wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. Wind is almost everywhere, wind power is excellent in remote areas and it has excellent conversion efficiency.

Renewable energy is the energy produced from the natural resources like sun and wind these are not run out.  Electricity generated by renewable energy. And also renewable energy used for space and water heating and cooling and transportation. Types of Renewable Energy
•    Bioenergy
•    Geothermal Energy
•    Hydrogen
•    Hydropower
•    Marine Energy
•    Solar Energy
•    Wind Energy

Biomass is biological material derived from living or recently living organisms, in the context of producing bioenergy it typically refers to agricultural by products, residues, woody waste products, crops and microbes grown specifically for fuel. Whereas bioenergy is a renewable form of energy produced from biomass .The Development of bioenergy could contribute to long-term environmental and economic sustainability, and helps mitigate the climate impact of using fossil fuels.

Thermodynamics is the study of the relations between heat, work, temperature and energy, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and from one form to another.

The IOT smart grid enables two-way communication between connected devices and hardware that sense and respond to user demands and Smart grid is more resilient and less costly than the current power infrastructure.

An  Electrical Grid with Automation, Communication and IT systems that can monitor power flows from points of generation to points of consumption  and control the power flow of  the load to match generation in real time or near real time is refer as smart grid. Example is rooftop solar photovoltaic units and wind generating units.

Energy efficiency increased by eliminating the energy wastage and by using less energy in proper manner to produce the same result. The resilience and reliability of the electric grid increases by energy efficiency which saves money additionally and provides environmental, community, and health benefits.

An energy system is primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users. The Multi-energy systems are electricity, heat, cooling, fuels, transport and so on optimally interact with each other at various levels (for instance, within a district, city or region) that represent an important opportunity to increase technical, economic and environmental performance relative to classical energy systems whose sectors are treated separately or independently.

The alternative fuels are biofuel, ethanol, methanol, hydrogen, coal-derived liquid fuels, electricity, natural gas, propane gas or a synthetic transportation fuel.

Distributed energy resources are small-scale electricity supply or demand resources that are interconnected to the electric grid. Some of the Distributed energy resources are;
Roof top solar photovoltaic units
Wind generating units
Battery storage etc...
 

A flexible alternating current transmission system is composed of static equipment used for the alternating current (AC) transmission of electrical energy and It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system and the main purpose of these systems is to supply the network as quickly as possible with inductive or capacitive reactive power that is adapted to its particular requirements.

Insulator opposes the flow of electric current. The atoms of the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot move through the medium. Other materials like semiconductors and conductors are conduct electric current more easily.

Surge protection devices used to protect electrical and electronic equipment from the potentially destructive effects of high-voltage transients. These devices are also known as surge arrestors, lightning barriers and lightning protection.

In a wireless power transmission system a transmitter device driven by electric power from a power source it generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which transmits power across space to a receiver device that extracted power from the field supplies to an electrical load. Wireless power transmission does not require any mediates like wires and batteries, thus increasing the mobility, convenience, and safety of an electronic device for all users.

Demand for electricity can occasionally change hectically because of unforeseen changes in rainfall, a swell in profitable growth, damage to lines or other factors. Demand Side operation is a strategy used by electricity serviceability to control demand by encouraging consumers to modify their position and pattern of electricity operation.

Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time from different sources for use at a later time to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production. Basically device that stores energy is generally referred as an accumulator or battery. Devices that enable energy from renewable like solar and wind, to be stored and then released when customers need power most.
Battery Energy Storage Systems are rechargeable batteries are one of the example that can store energy from different sources and discharge it when demanded. Battery Energy Storage Systems correspond of one or further batteries and can be used to balance the electric grid, give provisory power and ameliorate grid stability.

Power electronics are used in industries that have a huge installation of high-power motors that are controlled by power electronic drives, for instance, cement mills, rolling mills, compressor pumps, fans, elevators, textile mills, blowers, elevators, rotary kilns, etc.

A micro-grid is a miniature model of a complete grid system where you have a form of electricity generation, storage, distribution and consumption, all within clearly specified electrical boundaries. Virtual power plants can be created using software to control and optimize a network of generation and demand side storage.