Applied Microbiology and Beneficial Microbes

Microbial ecology is the study of the interaction of microorganisms with their environment, one with another, and with plant and animal species. It includes the study of symbioses, biogeochemical cycles, and the interaction of bacteria with anthropogenic effects such as pollution and climate change.

• Symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Amensalism
• Microbial resource management
• Antimicrobials

Microbial genetics is a field of study within microbiology and genetic engineering. Microbial genetics tests microorganisms for different purposes. Visible microorganisms are bacteria and archaea. Other fungi and protozoa are also studies used in this field. Studies of microorganisms include genotype studies and a speech system. Genotypes are inherited genes. Genetic Engineering is a field of work and study within microbial genetics. The use of integrated DNA technology is a process of this work. The process involves creating DNA molecules and reassembling them by altering the DNA sequence. That synthesized DNA is in contact with a living animal. Cloning is also an example of genetic engineering.

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Viruses
• Plasmids

Evolutionary microbiology focuses on the interpretation and interpretation of biodiversity in relation to its interactions with other organisms. A deeper understanding of evolution depends on understanding the ancestral relationships of prokaryotes in eukaryotes.

• Paradigm change
• Evolutionary microbiology
• Lateral gene transfer

Systemic biology is the study of the dynamics of a single component in a biological system in order to understand and predict the behavior of the system as a whole. System biology is a rapidly evolving discipline driven by the ‘era of omics and new technological advances that have increased the accuracy of available data. Focusing on simple single-cell substances such as bacteria helps to detoxify and means that system microbiology is a rapidly growing science.

• Metagenomics
• Metatranscriptomics
• Metaproteomics
• Metametabolomics
• Single Cell Genomics
• Functional Genomics
• Synthetic Microbiology
• Bioinformatics

Medical microbiology, a major subset of medical microbiology, is a branch of medical science that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science is studying various clinical uses of bacteria to improve health. There are four types of viruses that cause infectious diseases: bacteria, fungi, parasites, and bacteria, and one type of infectious protein called a prion.

• Diagnostic tests
• Microbial culture
• Microscopy
• Biochemical tests
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Treatments

Pharmaceutical microbiology is a specialized area of ​​microbiology and is concerned with the use of microbes in the development of drugs and the maintenance of pollution control. The most important contribution of microbiology to the pharmaceutical industry is the development of antibiotics. All antibiotics were originally products of microbial metabolism, but recent genetic modification has led to the development of improved drugs.

• Drug safety
• Antimicrobial activity and disinfection
• Methods and specifications
• Cleanrooms and controlled environments
• Pharmaceutical products
• Anti-infective agents

Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that uses microbial science to create mass-produced industrial products, often using small cellular industries. There are many ways to use microorganisms to increase high productivity. The introduction of mutations into living organisms can be accomplished by introducing themselves to mutagens. Another way to increase the production of genes is through the use of plasmids, and vectors. Plasmids and/or vectors are used to insert multiple copies of a specific gene that can allow the production of more enzymes that end up producing more products. Biological deceptions for the production of a particular product have many functions in the real world such as the production of other antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, solvents, alcohol, and daily products. Microorganisms play a major role in the industry, in many ways to be used. Medically, bacteria can be used to create antibiotics to treat infections. Bacteria can also be used in the food industry. Germs are very useful in making some of the most widely used human products. The chemical industry also uses microorganisms to synthesize amino acids and natural solvents. Bacteria can be used in agricultural applications to be used as pesticides instead of using harmful chemicals and or injections to help plant growth.

• Antimicrobials
• Biopolymers
• Bioremediation
• Environmental microbiology
• Metabolic engineering

Agricultural Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that deals with plant-related viruses and plant and animal diseases. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation and mutation in soil nutrients.

• Plant-associated microbes
• Microbial degradation
• Soil Nutrient transformations
• Arthrobacter
• Bacillus
• Clostridium
• Micrococcus
• Actinomycetes
• Fungi
• Protozoa

Microbial biotechnology or industrial microbiology is the use of microbes to obtain an economically important product or activity on a commercial or large scale. Microorganisms used in industrial processes are natural, selected by flexible laboratories, or genetically modified species. Microbial biotechnology is a dynamic and exciting field of biomedical science that specializes in the diversity and diversity of products and services that provide and contribute to, such as disease prevention and treatment, diagnostics, agriculture and horticulture, nutrition, and provision.

• Protein engineering
• Functional genomics
• Metabolic engineering
• Metabolic design
• Bionanotechnology
• Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers
• Compatible solutes and bioprotectants
• Green chemistry
• Primary metabolites
• Food, beverages, and supplements

Food microbiology compels research into bacteria that take up colonization, mutate, process, or contaminate and degrade food. It is one of the most diverse research areas within microbiology. It includes a wide variety of microorganisms including spoilage, probiotic, fermentative, and pathogenic bacteria, fungi, yeast, bacteria, prions, and parasites. It is responsible for a variety of foods and beverages, which include many different organic substances, which may contribute to the survival and growth of bacteria. Food microbiology incorporates microorganisms that are beneficial or detrimental to food quality and safety and therefore may be concerned with public health.

• Fermentation
• Lactococcus
• Leuconostoc
• Pediococcus
• Lactobacillus
• Streptococcus thermophiles
• Food safety
• Microbial biopolymers
• Food testing

Microorganisms are the oldest living species on Earth and can be found everywhere, from the depths of the ocean to the bottom of the forest, even outside and outside. Environmental Microbiology is the study of how bacteria interact with one another and others, including their effects on the environment, the spread of germs and germs, the spread of algae, fungi and microbes and their related effects on human health and the environment. Environmental microbiology is also exploring how germs can be used to solve earth's problems. For example, an ecologist might study microbiology to clean oil spills or other contaminants or use biologically active organic compounds for medicinal purposes, sunscreens, and water purification solutions. Researchers across the US have discovered a common marine virus that can kill the red tide, a dangerous algae that has been growing in recent years. Scientists here at UF have even discovered a way to combine shinorine into a microbe, allowing the production of safe and environmentally friendly sunscreens.

• Spread of viruses
• Bacteria
• Algae
• Fungi
• Parasitical organisms

Microbiology techniques are methods used to study viruses, including viruses and invisible fungi and protists. It includes methods of testing, culture, pollution, testing, engineering and disinfection. The five methods used to detect, amplify, detect and isolate viruses include injection, incubation, isolation, testing and testing. The primary method used by biologists to test microbes is to see themselves through a microscope, a compound lamp, or an electron. The Importance of Biological Methods: While many viruses are harmless to humans, others can cause serious problems. They can ruin food, poison, cause disease, and cause a host of other problems. The importance of microbiological testing is to quickly identify these contaminants and treat them before they cause irreversible damage.

• Culturing and Aseptic Techniques
• Bacteria enumeration
• Identification of Pathogens
• Incubation
• Bacteria Enumeration
• Microscopy techniques
• Biochemical tests

Industrial fermentation is the deliberate use of fermentation by micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi and eukaryotic cells such as CHO cells and insect cells, to make products more useful to humans. Ripe products serve as food and in the general industry. Other chemical substances, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are produced by fermentation. The fertility rate depends on the combination of bacteria, cells, cellular components, and enzymes as well as temperature, pH, and oxygen levels for aerobic fermentation. Product recovery usually involves concentrating on the dilute solution. Almost all commercially produced enzymes, such as lipase, invertase, and rennet, are produced by fermented genetically modified microbes. In some cases, the production of biomass itself is objective, as is the case with single-celled proteins, baker's yeast, and the original cultures of lactic acid bacteria used in cheese making.

• Production of biomass
• Production of extracellular metabolites
• Production of intracellular components
• Transformation of substrate
• Food fermentation
• Ethanol fuel
• Sewage treatment
• Agricultural feed

Infections caused by food are inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Infection can occur if you eat or drink something that is contaminated with germs, viruses, or parasites. Inflammation often leads to diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, stomach cramps, and sometimes fever.

• Campylobacter.
• Clostridium botulinum.
• Clostridium perfringens.
• Cyclospora cayetanensis.
• E. Coli.
• Listeria monocytogenes.
• Norovirus.
• Salmonella.

Veterinary Microbiology is concerned with bacterial and viral diseases of domesticated vertebrate animals (livestock, companion animals, fur-bearing animals, game, poultry, but excluding fish) that supply food, other useful products, or companionship. In addition, Microbial diseases of wild animals living in captivity, or as members of the feral fauna will also be considered if the infections are of interest because of their interrelation with humans (zoonoses) and/or domestic animals.

• Animal health
• Animal nutrition and feeding
• Animal welfare science
• Veterinary informatics
• Veterinary microbiology
• Veterinary ophthalmology
• Veterinary pathology

Protein engineering is the process by which a researcher alters a protein sequence by replacing, replacing, or removing nucleotides from genetic code, with the aim of finding a modified protein that is more suitable for a specific application or purpose than an unmodified protein.

• Rational design
• Multiple sequence alignment
• Coevolutionary analysis
• Structural prediction
• Multivalent binding
• Directed evolution
• Exon shuffling
• Semi-rational design

Enzyme engineering is a process of enhancing the function of an existing enzyme or building an enzyme-enhanced function by altering its amino acid sequence. This technology has been developed as a powerful tool for overcoming the evils of native enzymes such as biocatalysts.

• Active Site
• Anabolism
• Nested Gene
• Mutagenesis
• Protein Engineering
• Metabolic Engineering
• Mutation
• Enzyme Activity
• Biocatalyst
• Enzyme Specificity

Genomics is the study of all the human genome (genome), which includes the interaction of those genes with each other and with the human environment.

• Genome analysis
• Sequencing

Transcriptomics is the study of transcriptome — the complete set of RNA scripts produced by the genome, under certain conditions or cells — using highly efficient methods, such as microarray analysis.

Proteomics is the analysis of every part of a protein cell, tissue, or organism under a specific, defined set of conditions. In its current form, it depends on decades of technology and development.

• Proteogenomics
• Structural proteomics
• Protein identification
• Protein structure
• Post-translational modifications
• Computational methods in studying protein biomarkers

Prebiotics and probiotics each have their own role to play in the fight for better intestinal health. But to be clear, here is a helpful guide for each term:

Probiotics: Bacterial types of bacteria add to the abundance of good bacteria in your digestive system.

Prebiotics: A special plant fiber that acts as a diet for good bacteria. This promotes growth among the existing good bacteria.

So basically, probiotic-rich foods and ingredients add antibodies to your army, and prebiotics give soldiers the support they need.

• Probiotics
• Prebiotics
• Digestive enzymes
• Synbiotics

Microbial biomass (bacteria and fungi) is a measure of the weight of a living organism in the soil. Microbial biomass decomposes plant and animal fossils as well as living soil to release carbon dioxide and plant nutrients. Cultivation programs that replenish crop residues (e.g. no cultivation) often increase microbial biomass. Soil properties such as pH, clay, and the presence of living carbon all influence the size of the microbial biomass.

• Rhizosphere
• Soil Organic Matter
• Ecosystems
• Microorganisms
• Enzymes
• Biomass
• Microbial Communities
• Proteins
• Soil Organic Carbon

In general, biodeterioration is an undesirable deterioration of materials consisting of both metals and polymers in the presence of microorganisms. Cash damage can cause premature or unexpected consequences and the problem is often translated into system failures and economic losses.

• Bacterial bioremediation
• Microbiologically influenced corrosion
• Biofilms and biofouling
• Biotransformation and biodegradation of hazardous compounds
• Biodeterioration and biodegradation of wood and polymeric materials
• Recycling of nutrients, waste, and pollution
• Biodegradation and bioremediation of persistent pollutants
• Biodiversity of organisms involved in biodeterioration
• Bioremediation in environmental protection

Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that utilizes the use of organic matter, such as microbes and bacteria, in removing contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other sources.

• Pollutant and Xenobiotic Biodegradation
• Surfactants and Biosurfactants On Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
• Role of Adsorption in the Biodegradation Process
• Enzyme and Bacterial Immobilization
• Impact of Pollutants on The Microorganism Cells
• Physical or Electrochemical Methods
• Biotransformation

Cellular Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that combines cell biology and microbiology. Cellular microbiology aims to use pathogenic bacteria as tools for molecular biological research, as well as to use molecular biological methods to better understand microorganism pathogenicity. Microbe toxicity and virulence factors have been used to influence and research the processes of eukaryotic cells for decades. It is clear that ingesting the purified toxin in the cell does not give you the whole picture, and that you know the role of toxins in aging, how they stimulate bacteria, how they are made, and the co-emergence of the toxin and its pathogenicity. cell-cell partners are important. In the field of medicine, cytology is a common tool for determining the diagnosis. Cytology tests analyze specific cell types using small volumes of biological tissue or fluids. Cytology tests can be used to diagnose almost any part of your body. Unlike histology, which is the study of complete human tissue, cytology is the study of individual cells in the body. In stark terms, cytology is the study of normal cells, while cytopathology is the study of cells in a disease state.

• Co-Infections and Microbiota
• Interactions Between Microbes
• Pathogenic or Mutualistic Relationships
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Structural or Genetic Approaches
• Cytochemistry
• Immunocytochemistry
• Electron Microscopy
• Molecular Cytopathology

Bacteria that generate energy at the expense of electrons are produced during digestion, known as bioelectricity. Bioelectric energy is produced by various biological processes and usually ranges from one to a few hundred in energy. On the other hand, an electric eel produces a one-ampere current at 600 to 1,000 volts. and renewable energy. MFC is a powerful technology that captures energy in the form of bioelectricity from organic matter (including waste) during microbial metabolism. Electromicrobiology refers to the study of prokaryotes that can interact with charged electrodes and use them as electron donors or receivers. This is accomplished through a process known as extracellular electron transport, in which cytochromes of the outer layer are used to oxidize and/or reduce the soluble electron receptors. Molecular microbiology is concerned with the cellular and biological processes of viruses and their use in the production of biotechnology products and drugs such as vaccines, and antibodies. It also involves the development of the pathogenicity of microbes.

• Microbial Fuel Cell
• Bioelectrogenesis
• Renewable and Sustainable Electricity
• Electromicrobiology

Molecular microbiology is concerned with the cellular and biological processes of viruses and their use in the production of biotechnology products and drugs such as vaccines, antibodies. It also involves the development of the pathogenicity of microbes.

• Microbial enzymes
• Microbial metabolites
• Microbial cells
• Microbial membranes
• Microbial pathogens
• Molecular genetics

Bioinformatics builds a bridge between tracking and biological data for living / living things. Once the nucleotide sequence has been determined, the first step in analyzing bioinformatics sequencing is to predict genetic predisposition by finding open reading frames (ORFs). Despite being a small field, bioinformatics has assisted both basic microbiology and biotechnology with the development of algorithms, tools, and discoveries that refine the invisible model of cellular function.

• Genome analysis
• Sequence analysis
• Phylogenetics
• Structural bioinformatics
• Gene expression
• Genetics and population analysis
• Systems biology
• Data and text mining
• Databases and ontologies
• Bioimage informatics

In their natural environment, plants are part of a rich ecosystem that includes many different microorganisms in the soil. It has long been known that some of these pests, such as mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, play a vital role in plant function by improving mineral nutrition. However, the full range of plant-related microbes and their ability to transform agricultural products has only recently been revealed. These are associated with the rhizosphere, which is an important natural habitat for plants and bacteria. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria include cyanobacteria Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium, Allorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium.

• Soil Composition
• Mycorrhiza
• Wetland Soils
• Nitrogen Fixation: Root and Bacteria Interactions
• Plant Pathogens
• Endophytes and Plants

Marine Microbiology is the study of microbes (bacteria, archaea, viruses, and small eukaryotes) in the marine environment, including biodiversity, ecology, and biogeochemistry. The use of metagenomics has been instrumental in revealing the abundance and structure of the marine microbial ecosystem.

• Epidemiology
• Risk Assessment
• Detection and Ecology of Pathogens in The Environment
• Water and Wastewater Treatment
• Disinfection
• Disinfection By-Products,
• Indicators of Water and Waste Quality
• Regulatory Issues and Standard Development
• Water Quality Surveys and Assessments
• Monitoring
• Microbial Toxins

Microbe-host interactions are complex processes that are directly and indirectly controlled by a variety of factors, including the microbial introduction of certain molecular signals into the microbial environment, and the introduction of host cells receptors that recognize these pathogen signals.

• Effect of microbiota on host physiology
• Pathogen responses to host immunity
• Genetics of Host-Microbe Interactions
• Pathways
• Host-Microbe Interactomics

Geomicrobiology is the study of the role of bacteria in the geological and geochemical processes that shaped the earth and that continue to operate today. Bacteria play a vital role in the recycling, production, absorption, and removal of biomarkers by biogeochemical cycles involving the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the deep lithosphere.

• Microbial Weathering of Rocks
• Microbial Roles in Formation and Degradation of Specific Minerals
• Mineralization of Organic Matter
• Subsurface Microbiology
• Biogeochemical Cycling of Elements
• Isotopic Fractionation and Paleomicrobiology
• Bioleaching Microbiology
• Petroleum Geomicrobiological Prospecting
• Groundwater Microbiology